Cloud Security Best Practices 2025

Cloud adoption hızlanırken, güvenlik kritik önem kazanıyor. AWS, Azure ve GCP için kapsamlı güvenlik rehberi.

Cloud Security Challenges

Top 5 Risks:

1. Misconfiguration (65% veri ihlallerinin nedeni)
2. Insufficient IAM
3. Insecure APIs
4. Data breaches
5. Shared responsibility misunderstanding

Shared Responsibility Model

┌─────────────────────────────────┐
│ Customer Responsibility         │
│ - Data                          │
│ - Applications                  │
│ - Identity & Access            │
│ - OS, Network, Firewall        │
├─────────────────────────────────┤
│ Cloud Provider Responsibility   │
│ - Physical security             │
│ - Infrastructure                │
│ - Network infrastructure        │
│ - Hypervisor                    │
└─────────────────────────────────┘

Identity & Access Management (IAM)

AWS IAM Best Practices

{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": [
        "s3:GetObject",
        "s3:ListBucket"
      ],
      "Resource": [
        "arn:aws:s3:::my-bucket",
        "arn:aws:s3:::my-bucket/*"
      ],
      "Condition": {
        "IpAddress": {
          "aws:SourceIp": "203.0.113.0/24"
        }
      }
    }
  ]
}

Least Privilege Principle:

• Grant minimum permissions
• Use groups, not individual users
• Regular access reviews
• Temporary credentials (STS)

Multi-Factor Authentication

# Enable MFA for all users
aws iam enable-mfa-device \
  --user-name john \
  --serial-number arn:aws:iam::123456789012:mfa/john \
  --authentication-code-1 123456 \
  --authentication-code-2 789012

Data Encryption

Encryption at Rest

AWS:

# S3 bucket encryption
aws s3api put-bucket-encryption \
  --bucket my-bucket \
  --server-side-encryption-configuration '{
    "Rules": [{
      "ApplyServerSideEncryptionByDefault": {
        "SSEAlgorithm": "AES256"
      }
    }]
  }'

# EBS volume encryption
aws ec2 create-volume \
  --encrypted \
  --kms-key-id alias/my-key \
  --size 100

Azure:

# Storage account encryption
Set-AzStorageAccount -ResourceGroupName "MyRG" `
  -Name "mystorageaccount" `
  -EnableHttpsTrafficOnly $true `
  -EnableBlobEncryption $true

Encryption in Transit

# Force HTTPS
server {
    listen 80;
    return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
}

server {
    listen 443 ssl http2;
    ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
    ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
}

Network Security

VPC Configuration

# AWS VPC with private/public subnets
resource "aws_vpc" "main" {
  cidr_block           = "10.0.0.0/16"
  enable_dns_hostnames = true
  enable_dns_support   = true
  
  tags = {
    Name = "production-vpc"
  }
}

# Private subnet
resource "aws_subnet" "private" {
  vpc_id            = aws_vpc.main.id
  cidr_block        = "10.0.1.0/24"
  availability_zone = "us-east-1a"
  
  tags = {
    Name = "private-subnet"
  }
}

# Security group
resource "aws_security_group" "web" {
  name        = "web-sg"
  description = "Allow HTTP/HTTPS"
  vpc_id      = aws_vpc.main.id
  
  ingress {
    from_port   = 443
    to_port     = 443
    protocol    = "tcp"
    cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"]
  }
  
  egress {
    from_port   = 0
    to_port     = 0
    protocol    = "-1"
    cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"]
  }
}

Web Application Firewall (WAF)

{
  "Name": "RateLimitRule",
  "Priority": 1,
  "Statement": {
    "RateBasedStatement": {
      "Limit": 2000,
      "AggregateKeyType": "IP"
    }
  },
  "Action": {
    "Block": {}
  }
}

Logging & Monitoring

CloudTrail / Azure Monitor / GCP Cloud Audit

# AWS CloudTrail analysis
import boto3

cloudtrail = boto3.client('cloudtrail')

# Find suspicious activities
response = cloudtrail.lookup_events(
    LookupAttributes=[
        {
            'AttributeKey': 'EventName',
            'AttributeValue': 'DeleteBucket'
        }
    ],
    MaxResults=50
)

for event in response['Events']:
    print(f"User: {event['Username']}")
    print(f"Time: {event['EventTime']}")
    print(f"IP: {event.get('SourceIPAddress')}")

Compliance & Governance

AWS Config Rules

# S3 bucket public access check
AWSConfigRule:
  Type: AWS::Config::ConfigRule
  Properties:
    ConfigRuleName: s3-bucket-public-read-prohibited
    Description: Checks that S3 buckets do not allow public read access
    Source:
      Owner: AWS
      SourceIdentifier: S3_BUCKET_PUBLIC_READ_PROHIBITED

Azure Policy

{
  "policyRule": {
    "if": {
      "field": "type",
      "equals": "Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts"
    },
    "then": {
      "effect": "deny",
      "details": {
        "type": "Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts/networkAcls",
        "existenceCondition": {
          "field": "Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts/networkAcls.defaultAction",
          "equals": "Deny"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Container Security

Docker Security

# Secure Dockerfile
FROM alpine:3.18

# Don't run as root
RUN adduser -D appuser
USER appuser

# Read-only filesystem
RUN chmod -R 555 /app

# Health check
HEALTHCHECK CMD wget --no-verbose --tries=1 --spider http://localhost:8080/health || exit 1

Kubernetes Security

# Pod Security Policy
apiVersion: policy/v1beta1
kind: PodSecurityPolicy
metadata:
  name: restricted
spec:
  privileged: false
  allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
  requiredDropCapabilities:
    - ALL
  runAsUser:
    rule: MustRunAsNonRoot
  seLinux:
    rule: RunAsAny
  fsGroup:
    rule: RunAsAny
  readOnlyRootFilesystem: true

Security Checklist

✅ Identity:

• [ ] MFA enabled for all users
• [ ] Least privilege IAM policies
• [ ] Service accounts with limited scope
• [ ] Regular access reviews

✅ Data:

• [ ] Encryption at rest
• [ ] Encryption in transit
• [ ] Data classification
• [ ] Backup and recovery

✅ Network:

• [ ] VPC/VNet properly configured
• [ ] Security groups restrictive
• [ ] WAF enabled
• [ ] DDoS protection

✅ Monitoring:

• [ ] CloudTrail/Audit logs enabled
• [ ] SIEM integration
• [ ] Alerting configured
• [ ] Regular log reviews

✅ Compliance:

• [ ] Config/Policy rules
• [ ] Automated compliance checks
• [ ] Regular audits
• [ ] Documentation

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Cloud security danışmanlığı: iletisim@cesayazilim.com ☁️🔒